What Is Glaucoma? Causes, Types, and Symptoms

What Is Glaucoma?

Glaucoma is an eye disease that damages the optic nerve. This nerve sends signals from your eye to your brain. Often, glaucoma happens when fluid builds up in the front part of the eye. This extra fluid increases eye pressure. Over time, high pressure can harm the optic nerve. If left untreated, glaucoma can cause vision loss or even blindness. Many people do not notice symptoms at first. That is why regular eye exams are important. There are different types of glaucoma, and each type may have unique signs.

Causes of Glaucoma

Several factors can lead to glaucoma. Most often, it is caused by increased pressure in the eye. However, other reasons can also play a role. Understanding these causes can help you lower your risk.

High eye pressure: This is the main cause for most people.

Family history: If someone in your family has glaucoma, your risk is higher.

Age: People over 60 are more likely to get glaucoma.

Medical conditions: Diabetes, high blood pressure, and some eye injuries can increase risk.

Thin corneas: A thin cornea may raise your risk.

Long-term use of steroid eye drops: These can sometimes cause glaucoma.

Although anyone can get glaucoma, some people are at greater risk. For example, African Americans and people of Asian or Hispanic descent have higher chances. Because of these risks, regular eye checks are important, especially as you age.

Types of Glaucoma

There are several types of glaucoma. Each type affects the eye in a different way. Knowing the types can help you understand your own risk and symptoms.

Open-angle glaucoma: This is the most common type. The drainage angle in the eye stays open, but fluid does not drain well. Pressure builds slowly. Most people do not notice symptoms at first.

Angle-closure glaucoma: This type happens when the drainage angle closes. Pressure rises quickly. Symptoms can appear suddenly and may be severe.

Normal-tension glaucoma: In this type, optic nerve damage occurs even though eye pressure is normal. The cause is not always clear.

Secondary glaucoma: This type is caused by another condition, such as an eye injury, inflammation, or a tumor.

Congenital glaucoma: Babies can be born with glaucoma. It happens when the eye does not develop properly.

Because each type is different, treatment and symptoms may vary. However, early detection can help prevent vision loss.

Symptoms of Glaucoma

Glaucoma is often called the “silent thief of sight.” Many people do not notice any signs until the disease is advanced. Still, knowing the possible symptoms can help you seek care sooner.

Slow loss of side vision (peripheral vision)

Blurred vision

Seeing halos around lights

Eye pain or redness

Severe headache

Nausea or vomiting (with sudden eye pain)

For open-angle glaucoma, symptoms may be mild or not noticeable at first. In contrast, angle-closure glaucoma can cause sudden and severe symptoms. If you notice any of these signs, see an eye doctor right away. Early treatment can protect your vision.

Conclusion

In summary, glaucoma is a serious eye disease that can lead to vision loss. It often develops slowly and without warning. Because of this, regular eye exams are key to finding glaucoma early. If you have risk factors or notice any symptoms, consult an eye specialist. Early care can help protect your sight and keep your eyes healthy.